| 摘要 | 大空间建筑由于结构、采光、通风和防排烟等要求，上部均设有开口。受室外气候（风速、温湿度）、室内热源等因素作用，上部开口常处于进风或排风的状态。空调时，因室内新风量的要求，上部诸开口的净作用往往是排风。随季节及室内热环境变化，上部开口对大空间建筑节能利弊兼有，因此研究上部开口对节能的影响是一项非常有意义的工作。
本文在大空间建筑室内热环境特性、上部开口特性的研究结果基础上，以具有上部开口的、典型侧喷送风方式的大空间建筑为研究对象，建立上部开口能量有效利用系数及其能量品位系数数学模型，采用与现场实测相结合的研究方法，在研究排风温度与开口结构参数关联的基础上，探讨了排风温度与室内外空气温度之间的关联，进而通过分析随室外空气温度变化时全年由排风排除的热量变化，评价已建建筑上部开口有效利用程度。同时分析了室内外空气温度、室内发热量、上部开口风压等参数对能量有效利用系数和品位系数的影响，确定不同工况下空调停启的转换点，为空调节能运行方案提供理论基础。根据所建数学模型，论文开发了上部开口全年有效利用计算软件，软件根据室外气候条件、建筑结构尺寸和热工特性提供了空调供冷供热停启切换温度、排风温度品位系数和上部开口排风能量等参数，为空调节能运行分析和管理提供了方便。本文所获得的有关上部开口有效利用的主要特性总结如下：
1. 上部开口能量有效利用主要在夏季和过渡季节。过渡季节上部开口全年有效利用系数 ，夏季有效利用量较小，冬季无法利用；通过有效利用系数的计算，量化了上部开口的有效利用量。
2. 室内发热量增加，夏季关闭空调和冬季开启空调的两个室外切换温度降低，自然通风期时间增加；室外风压对有效利用系数的影响不大，相同室内负荷率下切换点温度波动不大。
3. 通过上部开口能量有效利用系数临界点，即夏季关闭空调和冬季开启空调的两个室外切换温度点，可以指导空调系统上部开口的运行模式。以上海体操中心为例，当室内负荷率为40％时，夏季关闭空调和冬季开启空调的室外空气切换温度点分别为13.5℃和7.47℃。
论文期间，对上海国际体操中心过渡季节比赛主场外环境、室内温度分布、排风温度、通风渗透风量等进行了现场实测。通过这次测定，完成了对上海国际体操中心全年工况（在此之前已完成了冬季、夏季实测）的测定，得到了具有上部开口大空间建筑室内热环境第一手资料，为上部开口有效利用理论模型提供了实验基础，为今后的大空间建筑上部开口的合理设计和空调节能运行提供了一定的依据。
本文对大空间建筑上部开口全年有效利用基础理论研究在一定程度上完善了我国大空间建筑上部开口有效利用的研究，促进了我国大空间建筑室内热环境研究的发展，具有重要的理论指导意义；其应用性研究为大空间建筑结构设计、室内热环境设计提供了重要的科学理论基础和指导，同时为上部开口的自动控制和空调系统的运行提供一些基础数据，具有实践指导意义。 |
| Abstract | There are generally openings in the upper part of large space buildings for building structure, daylighting, ventilation, fire prevention and smoke emission. With the influence of outdoor wind pressure and thermal pressure, upper opening is usually in the state of introducing or exhausting air. According to fresh air requirement, the net function of all the openings is to exhaust air when conditioned. Whether upper openings are in favor of energy conservation or not depends on indoor and outdoor environment. Therefore, it is very meaningful to study the influence of upper opening to energy conservation.
Based on the study of the characteristics on indoor thermal environment and upper openings, mathematical model of energy effective utilization coefficient and exhaust air energy grade coefficient of upper openings is established and the software is developed according to the model, which can quantificationally investigate the characteristics of utilization of the existing large space buildings.
According to the basic principle of hydrodynamics and the characteristics of the indoor thermal environment in large space, the paper presents the calculation model of the effective utilization of the upper opening, allowing for various kinds of factors, such as outdoor air parameters, indoor heat source, usage of the air-conditioning system and building structure. The calculated results are in agreement with measured data, which indicates the feasibility of calculating other conditions by using this model.The conclusions about the effective utilization are showed below:
1. The upper openings can be utilized effectively in summer and intermittent season. The effective utilization coefficient of the upper opening is one in intermittent season; it is secondary in summer ; and it is not used in winter. The effective utilization of the upper opening is calculated by the effective utilization coefficient of the upper opening.
2. With quantity of heat inside increasing, the period of natural ventilation is longer because of the reduction of the outside temperatures at air condition-opening in summer and at air condition-closing in winter. The wind pressure affects the effective utilization coefficient lightly.
3. The critical point of the effective utilization coefficient of the upper opening is used to instruct the running-mode of upper-openings in air-conditioning system. Taking Shanghai International Gym Center as an example, the outside temperatures at air condition-opening in summer and at air condition-closing in winter are 13.5℃and 7.47℃ respectively ,when percentage of inside load is 40%.
The paper does many calculations in different conditions with different operation and structure parameters by the means of the established model. Correlations between the effective utilization coefficient, the exhaust air energy grade coefficient and the factors, including outdoor air temperature, the exhaust air temperature, indoor heat source, outdoor wind velocity, heights and areas of upper openings, areas of lower openings, height of the occupied region are obtained and analyzed to provide theoretic bases for selecting the optimum model of the running of the existing openings.
Several kinds of parameters about Shanghai international Gym Center, such as the outdoor environment, the distribution of indoor temperature, the exhaust air temperature, the rate of ventilation and infiltration, etc are measured. It has laid down the foundation of the establishment of the presented model, providing the test data to the design of energy conservation for thermal environment and the operation of the air-conditioning system.
The paper is focused on the characteristics of the utilization of the upper openings in large space buildings. It will provide theoretic bases and basic data for the design on architecture structure and thermal environment and operation behaviors of air conditioning system and improve basic researches of thermal environment in large space. And it is meaningful to the engineering fields . |
